MATHEMATICS SMASRA: MATEMATIK TINGKATAN 2

MENGENAL PASTI UNKNOWN DALAM SEBUTAN ALGEBRA

Sebutan algebra (algebraic terms) daripada dua atau lebih anu (unknowns) adalah hasil darab 'anu' dengan suatu nombor (product of the unknowns with a number). Contohnya;

Secara umum, yⁿ ialah n kali y didarabkan dengan dirinya sendiri. Contohnya;

Hasil darab anu (unknowns) dengan suatu nombor dinyatakan tanpa menggunakan simbol darab (multiplication symbol). Contohnya;

Dalam suatu sebutan algebra, nombor mestilah ditulis dahulu diikuti dengan anu (unknowns) dalam bentuk abjad (alphabetical order). Contohnya;

Contoh 1

Tentukan anu (unknowns) bagi sebutan algebra 37pqrs.

Jwb:

Anu bagi sebutan algebra 37pqrs ialah p, q, r dan s.

Sunday, March 3, 2013

Pecahan Setara

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Pecahan setara (equivalent fractions) ialah pecahan yang mewakili nilai yang sama, walaupun mempunyai pengangka (numerator) dan penyebut (denominators) yang berbeza.

Contohnya;

Pecahan setara bagi suatu pecahan boleh ditentukan dengan mendarab pengangka dan penyebutnya dengan nombor bulat yang sama. Contohnya;

Jika dua pecahan mempunyai penyebut (denominator) yang sama, maka pecahan dengan pengangka (numerator) yang lebih besar, adalah lebih besar nilainya.

Contohnya;

Jika dua pecahan yang mempunyai pengangka (numerator) yang sama, maka pecahan dengan penyebut (denominator) yang lebih besar, adalah lebih kecil nilainya.

Contohnya;

Menyusun pecahan dalam tertib menaik dan menurun

Pada suatu garis nombor (number line), pecahan-pecahan boleh disusun mengikut tertib, sama ada menaik atau menurun.

Langkah-langkah dalam menyusun (arrange) pecahan mengikut tertibnya;

Tukarkan setiap pecahan kepada pecahan setara masing-masing dengan penyebut sepunya (common denominator).
Kemudian, susun setiap pecahan (dalam tertib menaik atau menurun) mengikut pengangkanya (numerator).

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Memudahkan pecahan kepada sebutan terendah

Untuk memudahkan pecahan kepada sebutan terendah, bahagikan (divide) pengangka (numerator) dan penyebut (denominator) dengan Faktor Sepunya Terbesar, FSTB (Highest Common Factor, HCF) mereka.

MATHEMATICS - FORM 2

DIRECTED NUMBER

MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF INTEGERS

(A) Multiplying integers

1. The product of multiplication between two integers with the same sign is positive. If two integers have different signs, the product of the multiplication is negative.

2. If zero is multiplied by any integer, the product is always zero.
For example,
50 x 0 = 0

(B) Solving problems involving multiplication of integers

1. The quotient of division between two integers with the same sign is positive. If two integers have different signs, then the quotient of the division is negative.

2. If zero divided by any integer (except zero), the quotient is zero.
For example :
0 ÷ 10 = 0
3. Any integer divided by zero is undefined.
For example:

6 ÷ 0 = undefined

(D) Solving problems involving division of integers

COMBINED OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
(A) Performing computations involving combined operations on integers
1. Combined operations involve more than one operation on integers are also known as mixed operations.
2. For combined operations involving' + ' and ' - ' or ' x ' and ' ÷ ', work the calculations from left to right following the order given.

(B) Solving problems involving combined operations on integers

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FRACTIONS
(A) Comparing and ordering fractions

(B) Computations Involving Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and
Division of Two Fractions
The same rule used for adding and subtracting integers is used in the addition and subtraction of positive and negative fractions.

Multiplication of positive and negative fractions is similar to the multiplication of integers.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE DECIMALS
(A) Comparing and ordering decimals

(B) Adding and Subtracting Decimals
The same rule used in adding and subtracting integers is used in the addition and subtraction of positive decimal.

(C) Multiplying and Dividing Decimals
The same rule used in multiplying and dividing integers is used in the multiplication and division of positive and negative decimals.

COMPUTATIONS INVOLVING DIRECTED NUMBERS
(INTEGERS, FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS)
(A) Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Involving Two
Directed Numbers
Calculations involving two directed numbers with any operations are the same as that for integers, fractions and decimals.

(B) Combined Operations of Addition, Subtration, Multiplication and
Division of Positive and Negative Integers.
For computations involving the use of brackets and combined operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on positive and negative numbers, calculate according to the following order.
1. The brackets ( )
2. 'of' (which means x)
3. ÷ and - (from left to right)
4. + and - (from left to right)